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Global Research, August 24, 2012
Since the collapse of the Soviet Union and the nominal end of the Cold War some twenty years back, rather than reducing the size of its
mammoth defense spending, the US and all US Presidents have enormously expanded spending fornew weapons systems, increased permanent military bases around the world and expansion of NATO not only to former Warsaw Pact countries on Russia’s immediate periphery; it also has expanded NATO and US military presence deep into Asia on the perimeters of China through its conduct of the Afghan war and related campaigns.
自蘇聯(lián)的解體以來，冷戰(zhàn)的鐵幕也已落下了20年，美國龐大的軍事開支不僅沒有減少，歷屆美國的國會和總統(tǒng)反而大幅度增加在新武器系統(tǒng)上的開支，擴張其全球范圍內(nèi)的軍事基地，北約的東擴也不僅限于前華約國家，更向俄羅斯的后院緊逼；同時在亞洲，通過主導發(fā)動阿富汗等戰(zhàn)爭，北約和美國的軍事勢力滲透向中國邊境。
Part I The Pentagon Targets China
第一部分：五角大樓瞄準中國
On the basis of simple dollar outlays for military spending, the US Pentagon combined budget, leaving aside the huge budgets for such national security and defense-related agencies of US Government as the Department of Energy and US Treasury and other agencies, the US Department of Defense spent some $739 billion in2011 on its military requirements. Were all other spending that is tied to US defense and national securityincluded, the London-based International Institute for Strategic Studies estimates an annual military spending of over $1 trillion by the United States. That is an amount greater than the total defense-related spending of the next 42 nations combined, and more than the Gross Domestic Product of most nations.
作為一個純支出單位，美國國防部的2011年年度預算達到7390億美元，
其中包括本土安全部門和防衛(wèi)相關部門的巨額費用。倫敦的國際戰(zhàn)略研究機構(gòu)指出：實際上美國支出超過10000億美元的軍事費用。比排名2-43位的42個國家的總和還多，同時也超過絕大多數(shù)國家的GDP。
China officially spent barely 10% of the US outlay on its defense, some$90 billions, or, if certain defense-related arms import and other costsare included, perhaps $111 billion ayear. Even if the Chinese authorities do not publish complete data on such sensitive areas, it is clear China spends a mere fraction of the USA and is starting from a military-technology base far behind the USA.
中國的軍費大約是美國的10%，約合900億美元，如果包括其他防衛(wèi)相關的軍備的話，則約為1110億美元。雖然中國當局沒有公布這個敏感領域的數(shù)據(jù)，但是很明顯中國的軍費是美國微小的部分，而且中國的軍事技術基礎仍遠遠落后美國。
China today, because of its dynamic economic growth and its determination to pursue sovereign Chinese national interests, merely because China exists, is becoming the Pentagon new “enemy image,” now replacing the earlier “enemy image” of Islam used after September 2001 by the Bush-Cheney Administration to justify the Pentagon’s global power pursuit, or that of Soviet Communism during the Cold War. The new US military posture against China has nothing to do with any aggressive threat from the side of China. The Pentagon has decided to escalate its aggressive military posture to China merely because China has become a strong vibrant independent pole in world economics and geopolitics. Only vassal states need apply to Washington’s globalized world.
現(xiàn)在的中國，不僅因其充滿活力的經(jīng)
濟和維護領土主權的決心，而且就因為中國還存在，她注定成為五角大樓的新假想敵，取代了冷戰(zhàn)時期的蘇聯(lián)共XX和2001年9月之后由布什切尼政府樹立的伊斯蘭的敵人位置。五角大樓逐步升級其針對中國的進攻性軍事策略，不是因為要處理來自中國方面的任何軍事威脅，僅僅因為中國正在成為世界經(jīng)濟和地緣政治的充滿活力的一極。這是為華盛頓全球化政府奴役世界服務的。
Obama Doctrine: China is the new ‘enemy image’
奧巴馬的教義：中國是新敵人
After almost two decades of neglectof its interests in East Asia, in 2011,the Obama Administration announced that the US would make “a strategic pivot” in its foreign policy to focus its military and political attention on the Asia-Pacific, particularly Southeast Asia, that is, China. The term “strategic pivot” is a page out of theclassic textbook from the father of
British geopolitics, Sir Halford Mackinder, who spoke at various times of Russia and later China as “pivot powers” whose geographicaland geopolitical position posed unique challenges toAnglo-Saxon and after 1945, to American hegemony.
2011年，在忽略其在東亞的利益近20年后，美國的(奧巴馬)政府宣布將將其對外策略----軍事、政治戰(zhàn)略重心轉(zhuǎn)向亞太地區(qū)，尤其是東南亞，也就是說中國�！畱�(zhàn)略重心’這個詞是英國地緣政治家哈爾福爵()提出的經(jīng)典論調(diào)，他在1945年多次提到，中國和俄羅斯，他們的地緣政治和地理位置命中注定是對盎格魯-撒克遜----對美國霸權的的重大挑戰(zhàn)。
During the final months of 2011 the Obama Administration clearly defined a new public military threat doctrine for US military readiness inthe wake of the US military failures
in Iraq and Afghanistan. During a Presidential trip to the Far East, while in Australia, the US President unveiled what is being termed the Obama Doctrine.[1]
在2011年晚些時候，隨著美國在伊拉克和阿富汗的軍事行動以失敗告終，奧巴馬政府明確了新的美國軍事威脅，在訪問遠東期間，美國總統(tǒng)在澳大利亞闡明了其政策。[1]
Obama told the Australians then:
奧巴馬這樣跟澳大利亞人說：
With most of the world’s nuclear power and some half of humanity, Asia will largely define whether the century ahead will be marked by conflict or cooperation…As President, I have, therefore, made a deliberate and strategic decision -- as a Pacific nation, the United States will play a larger and long-term role in shaping this regionand its future…I have directed my national security team to make our presence and mission in the Asia
Pacific a top priority...As we plan and budget for the future, we will allocate the resources necessary tomaintain our strong military presence in this region. We will preserve our unique ability to project power and deter threats to peace…Our enduring interests in the region demand our enduring presence in the region.
與大多數(shù)有核國家及另外一半人民一樣，亞洲將在很大程度上決定世界的前景是沖突還是合作。作為總統(tǒng)，我必須做出戰(zhàn)略決策 ----- 作為一個太平洋國家，美國在塑造本地區(qū)和本地區(qū)未來上將扮演一個更大、更長期的角色，我已指示我的國家安全團隊，這是我們在亞太地區(qū)的首要任務和使命...我們未雨綢繆，我們將在這一地區(qū)分配必要的資源，保持強大的軍事存在。我們將保持我們獨特的力量投射能力，并阻止對和平的威脅......我們在該地區(qū)的持久利益要求我們在該地區(qū)的持久存在。(譯注:這是奧總的原文，應該有官配的中文)
The United States is a Pacific power, and we are here to stay. Indeed, we are already modernizing America’s defense posture across the Asia Pacific. It will be more broadly distributed -- maintaining our strong presence in Japan and the Korean Peninsula, while enhancing our presence in Southeast Asia. Our posture will be more flexible -- with new capabilities to ensure that our forces can operate freely .. I believewe can address shared challenges,such as proliferation and maritime security, including cooperation in the South China Sea.[2]
美國是一個太平洋大國，我們在這里生息。事實上，我們已經(jīng)著手現(xiàn)代化美國在整個亞洲太平洋地區(qū)的防衛(wèi)態(tài)勢。這將是更廣泛地分布 - 在日本和朝鮮半島保持強大的存在，同時加強我們在東南亞地區(qū)的存在。我們的立場將更加靈活 ----以確保我們的軍隊也能操作自如......我相信我們可以共
同面對的挑戰(zhàn)，如武器擴散問題和海上安全，包括在中國南海合作。[2]
The centerpiece of Obama's visit was the announcement that at least2,500 elite US Marines will be stationed in Darwin in Australia’s Northern Territory. In addition, in a series of significant parallel agreements, discussions with Washington were underway to fly long-range American surveillance drones from the remote Cocos Islands — an Australian territory in the Indian Ocean. Also the US will gain greater use of Australian Air Force bases for American aircraft and increased ship and submarine visits to the Indian Ocean through anaval base outside Perth, on the country’s west coast.
公告稱，奧巴馬訪問的核心是至少有2500名美國精英海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊員將駐扎在澳大利亞達爾文。此外，針對一系列的平行協(xié)議進行討論，包括在科
科斯群島(澳大利亞在印度洋上的領土)部署美國偵察機。此外，美國空軍將獲得更多使用澳大利亞空軍基地的權力，美國海軍同時增加訪問珀斯外軍港的艦艇和潛艇的次數(shù)。
The Pentagon’s target is China.
五角大樓的目標是中國
To make the point clear to European members of NATO, in remarks to fellow NATO members in Washington in July 2012, Phillip Hammond, the UK Secretary of State for Defense declared explicitly that the new US defense shift to the Asia-Pacific region was aimed squarely at China. Hammond said that, "the rising strategic importance of the Asia-Pacific region requires all countries, but particularly the United States, to reflect in their strategic posture the emergence of China as a global power. Far from being concerned about the tilt to Asia-Pacific, the European NATO
powers should welcome the fact that the US is willing to e微民網(wǎng)ge in this new strategic challenge on behalf of the alliance." [3]
2012年7月，為了使北約的歐洲成員國明白這一點，英國國防國務卿菲利普哈蒙德在華盛頓向其他北約成員國講話時，明確聲明，美國新國防戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)向亞太地區(qū)意在中國。哈蒙德說，“亞太地區(qū)的戰(zhàn)略很重要，要求所有國家參與，特別是美國應對中國成為一個全球大國的戰(zhàn)略。歐洲的北約國家應該歡迎的這一事實(對亞太地區(qū)的政策傾斜)，而美國愿意承擔盟國在新的戰(zhàn)略上帶頭大哥這一角色”。
As with many of its operations, the Pentagon deployment is far deeperthan the relatively small number of 2,500 new US soldiers might suggest.
由于其(駐澳美軍)作用的多樣性，隨著五角大樓部署的深入，未來可能增加2500美軍士兵。
In August 2011 the Pentagon presented its annual report on
China’s military. It stated that Chinahad closed key technological gaps.Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defence for East Asia, Michael Schiffer, said that the pace and scope of China's military investments had "allowed China to pursue capabilities that we believe are potentially destabilizing to regional military balances, increasethe risk of misunderstanding and miscalculation and may contribute to regional tensions and anxieties." [4] He cited Chinese refurbishing of a Soviet-era aircraft carrier and China’s development of its J20 Stealth Fighter as indications of the new capability requiring a more active US military response. Schiffer also cited China's space and cyber operations, saying it was"developing a multi-dimensional program to improve its capabilities to limit or prevent the use of space-based assets by adversaries
during times of crisis or conflict." [5]
2011年8月，五角大樓發(fā)布了對中國軍力的年度報告。報告顯示，中國已縮小了關鍵技術上的差距。國防部東亞事務副助理秘書，邁克爾•希弗說：中國在軍費投資的速度和范圍的增長，“允許中國追求更強的能力，這樣的能力我們認為是地區(qū)的軍事平衡的潛在不穩(wěn)定因素，增加了誤解和誤判的風險，并可能會增加地區(qū)緊張和焦慮�！盵4]他列舉了中國翻新的蘇聯(lián)時代的航母，中國發(fā)展J20隱形戰(zhàn)斗機，這些需要美國更積極的軍事回應。希弗還列舉了中國的太空和網(wǎng)絡作戰(zhàn)，他說，這是“一個多維的計劃，以提高中國的能力，來限制或阻止對手在災難或沖突發(fā)生時使用天基武器�！盵5]
Part II: Pentagon’s ‘Air-Sea Battle’
第二部分：五角大樓的‘海天戰(zhàn)場’
The Pentagon strategy to defeat China in a coming war, details of which have filtered into the US press, is called “Air-Sea Battle.” This calls for an aggressive
coordinated US attack. US stealth bombers and submarines would knock out China's long-range surveillance radar and precision missile systems deep inside the country. This initial "blinding campaign" would be followed by a larger air and naval assault on China itself.[6] Crucial to the advanced pentagon strategy, deployment of which has already quietly begun, is US military navy and air presence in Japan, Taiwan,Philippines, Vietnam and across the South China Sea and Indian Ocean. Australian troop and naval deployment is aimed at accessing the strategic Chinese South China Sea as well as the Indian Ocean. The stated motive is to “protect freedom of navigation” in the Malacca Straits and the South China Sea. In reality it is to be positioned to cut China’s strategic oil routes in event of full conflict.
五角大樓的戰(zhàn)略，即在未來的戰(zhàn)爭中打敗中國，從美國新聞界的細節(jié)中可以看到，被稱為“海天戰(zhàn)場�！边@就要求美國的攻擊需要更強的協(xié)調(diào)性。美國隱形轟炸機和潛艇需具備摧毀中國的遠程監(jiān)視雷達和深處內(nèi)陸的高精度導彈系統(tǒng)精。最初的“致盲戰(zhàn)役”之后將進行針對中國本土的較大規(guī)模的空軍和海軍打擊。[6]五角大樓的這個先進戰(zhàn)略的關鍵，已經(jīng)悄然開始部署------在日本，臺灣，菲律賓，越南和整個中國南海和印度洋部署的海軍和空軍。澳大利亞部隊和海軍部署的目的旨在戰(zhàn)略性經(jīng)營南中國海以及印度洋。上述行動的冠冕堂皇的動機是為了“保護在馬六甲海峽和中國南海航行自由”。事實上，是為了在全面沖突時切斷中國的戰(zhàn)略石油輸送路線。
Air-Sea Battle's goal is to help US forces withstand an initial Chinese assault and counterattack to destroy sophisticated Chinese radar and missile systems built to keep US ships away from China's
coastline.[7]
海天戰(zhàn)場的目的是幫助美軍抵抗住中國的初期進攻并對中國復雜的雷達和導彈系統(tǒng)進行反擊。(這些雷達和導彈系統(tǒng)將美軍艦只隔離于中國的海岸線之外)[7]
US ‘Air-Sea Battle’ against China
美國針對中國的‘海天戰(zhàn)場’
In addition to the stationing of the US Marines in the north of Australia, Washington plans to fly long-range American surveillance drones from the remote Cocos Islands — an Australian territory in the strategically vital Indian Ocean. Also it will have use of Australian Air Force bases for American military aircraft and increased ship and submarine visits to the Indian Ocean through a naval base outside Perth, on Australia’s west coast.[8]
另外，在科科斯群島(澳大利亞在印度洋上的領土)部署美國遠程偵察機。美國空軍將獲得使用澳大利亞空
軍基地的更大權力，美國海軍同時增加訪問珀斯外軍港的艦艇和潛艇的次數(shù)。
The architect of the Pentagon anti-China strategy of Air-Sea battleis Andrew Marshall, the man who has shaped Pentagon advanced warfare strategy for more than 40 years and among whose pupils were Dick Cheney and Donald Rumsfeld. [9] Since the 1980s Marshall has been a promoter of anidea first posited in 1982 by Marshal Nikolai Ogarkov, then chiefof the Soviet general staff, called RMA, or 'Revolution in Military Affairs.’ Marshall, today at the ripe age of 91, still holds his desk and evidently very much influence inside the Pentagon.
五角大樓反中國的�？諔�(zhàn)略的設計師安德魯•馬歇爾，他為五角大樓在戰(zhàn)略服務40年以上，他的學生中有切尼和拉姆斯菲爾德。[9]20世紀80年代以來，馬歇爾是由1982年的尼
古拉•奧加爾科夫元帥首先提出的觀點的擁護者，后者是當時的蘇聯(lián)高層，這個點子叫做RMA，或“軍事事務革命”。馬歇爾，今年已經(jīng)91歲，仍在五角大樓擁有自己的辦公桌，并顯然擁有非常大的影響力。
The best definition of RMA was the one provided by Marshall himself: “A Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) is a major change in the nature of warfare brought about by the innovative application of new technologies which, combined with dramatic changes in military doctrine and operational and organizational concepts, fundamentally alters the character and conduct of military operations.” [10]
馬歇爾本人對RMA作出的最好的定義是：“這是一個軍事革命(RMA)，是一項重大變革，由于新技術的創(chuàng)新應用帶來的軍事理論和軍事組織結(jié)構(gòu)的概念的巨變，從根本上改變了軍事行動的特性和行為�！�
[10]
It was also Andrew Marshall who convinced US Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld and his successor Robert Gates to deploy the Ballistic Missile “defense” Shield in Poland, the Czech Republic, Turkey and Japan as a strategy to minimize any potential nuclear threat from Russia and, in the case of Japan’s BMD, any potential nuclear threat from China.
正是安德魯•馬歇爾說服了美國國防部長拉姆斯菲爾德和他的繼任者羅伯特•蓋茨(Robert Gates)在波蘭，捷克，土耳其和日本部署反導系統(tǒng)，以盡量減少來自俄羅斯的彈道導彈任何潛在的核威脅，在日本部署的BMD，阻止來自中國的潛在核威脅。
PART III: ‘String of Pearls’ Strategy of Pentagon
第三部分：五角大樓的‘珍珠鏈’戰(zhàn)略
In January 2005, Andrew Marshall issued a classified internal report to
Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld titled “Energy Futures in Asia.” The Marshall report, which was leaked in full to a Washington newspaper, invented the term “string of pearls” strategy to describe what it called the growing Chinese military threat to “US strategic interests” in the Asian space.[11]
2005年1月，安德魯•馬歇爾為時任國防部長唐納德•拉姆斯菲爾德撰寫了題為“能源的未來在亞洲”機密內(nèi)部報告，馬歇爾的報告后被華盛頓的報紙批露。報告中發(fā)明了術語“珍珠鏈”戰(zhàn)略，該戰(zhàn)略用來應對中國不斷增長的對 “美國在亞洲的戰(zhàn)略利益” 的軍事威脅。[11]
The internal Pentagon report claimed that “China is building strategic relationships along the sea lanes from the Middle East to the South China Sea in ways that suggest defensive and offensive positioning to protect China’s
energy interests, but also to serve broad security objectives.”
該五角大樓內(nèi)部報告稱，“中國在從中東到中國南海的海上通道沿線建立戰(zhàn)略合作關系，定位是防御性的同時又是進攻性的，目的是保護中國的能源利益，也為其他廣泛的安全目標服務�！�
In the Pentagon Andrew Marshall report, the term China’s “String of Pearls” Strategy was used for the first time. It is a Pentagon term and not a Chinese term.
報告中寫道：這是中國‘珍珠鏈’戰(zhàn)略的第一次應用，但這個戰(zhàn)略應當由美國來實施而不是中國。
The report stated that China was adopting a “string of pearls” strategy of bases and diplomatic ties stretching from the Middle East to southern China that includes a new naval base under construction at the Pakistani port of Gwadar. It claimed that “Beijing already has set up electronic eavesdropping
posts at Gwadar in the country’s southwest corner, the part nearest the Persian Gulf. The post is monitoring ship traffic through the Strait of Hormuz and the Arabian Sea.” [12]
該報告指出，中國正在采取一種基于“珍珠鏈”的軍事戰(zhàn)略和外交手段，從中東延伸到中國南部，包括在巴基斯坦瓜達爾港口的建設新的海軍基地。該報告稱，“北京已經(jīng)在該國的西南角的瓜達爾設立電子監(jiān)聽站，該處是離波斯灣最近的地方。該站監(jiān)聽著通過霍爾木茲海峽和阿拉伯海的船只�！盵12]
The Marshall internal report went on to warn of other “pearls” in the sea-lane strategy of China:
報告羅列了中國‘珍珠鏈’戰(zhàn)略的其他‘珍珠’，以期引起警醒：
• Bangladesh: China is strengthening its ties to the government and building a container port facility at Chittagong. The Chinese are “seeking much
more extensive naval and commercial access” in Bangladesh.
孟加拉國：中國正在加強政府間的合作關系，并建設在吉大港的集裝箱港口設施。中國人要 “尋求與孟加拉國海軍和商業(yè)更廣泛的合作”。
• Burma: China has developed close ties to the military regime in Rangoon and turned a nation wary of China into a “satellite” of Beijing close to the Strait of Malacca, through which 80 percent of China’s imported oil passes. China is building naval bases in Burma and has electronic intelligence gathering facilities on islands in the Bay of Be微民網(wǎng)l and near the Strait ofMalacca. Beijing also supplied Burma with “billions of dollars in military assistance to support a de facto military alliance,” the report said.
緬甸：中國已經(jīng)與仰光軍事政權建立了密切的聯(lián)系，謹慎地把附近的馬六
甲海峽區(qū)域變成中國的“衛(wèi)星”國，中國進口石油的80%由這里通過。中國在緬甸建立海軍基地，并在孟加拉灣和馬六甲海峽附近的島嶼上建設電子情報搜集設施。北京還為緬甸提供了“數(shù)十億美元的軍事援助，以支撐一個事實上的軍事聯(lián)盟。”
• Cambodia: China signed a military agreement in November 2003 to provide training and equipment. Cambodia is helping Beijing build a railway line from southern China to the sea.
柬埔寨：中國在2003年11月簽署了一項軍事協(xié)議，向柬提供培訓和設備。柬埔寨正在幫助北京修建一條鐵路線，從中國南部直達柬出�？�。
• South China Sea: Chinese activities in the region are less about territorial claims than “protecting or denying the transit of tankers through the South China Sea,” the report said. China also is building up its military forces in the region to be able to “project air and
sea power” from the mainland and Hainan Island. China recently upgraded a military airstrip on Woody Island and increased its presence through oil drilling platforms and ocean survey ships.
中國南海：中國在該地區(qū)的活動相對于領土要求而言”，是為了“保護或拒絕油輪通過中國南海”更多些，該報告稱。中國還建立其在該地區(qū)的軍事力量，以便有能力從大陸和海南島“投射空中和海上力量”。中國最近升級了永興島的飛機跑道，通過增加石油鉆井平臺和海洋調(diào)查船體現(xiàn)軍事存在。
• Thailand: China is considering funding construction of a $20 billioncanal across the Kra Isthmus that would allow ships to bypass the Strait of Malacca. The canal projectwould give China port facilities, warehouses and other infrastructure in Thailand aimed at enhancing Chinese influence in theregion, the report said… The U.S.
military’s Southern Command produced a similar classified report in the late 1990s that warned that China was seeking to use commercial port facilities around the world to control strategic “chokepoints.” [13]
泰國：中國正在考慮建設耗資200億美元的橫跨克拉地峽運河，使船只繞過馬六甲海峽。該運河項目將使中國在泰國擁有港口設施，倉庫及其他基礎設施，同時提高中國在該地區(qū)的影響力，該報告說... 20世紀90年代晚些時候，美軍南方司令部制作過一個類似的機密報告中警告說，中國尋求使用世界各地的商業(yè)港口設施來控制戰(zhàn)略“關卡”。[13]
Breaking the String of Pearls
破除‘珍珠鎖鏈’
Significant Pentagon and US actions since that 2005 report havebeen aimed to counter China’s attempts to defend its energy security via that “String of Pearls.” The US interventions since 2007
into Burma/Myanmar have had two phases.
自2005年以來的報告指出中國的企圖通過“珍珠串”捍衛(wèi)自己的能源安全通道后， 2007年，美國對緬甸的干預已經(jīng)進行了兩個階段。五角大樓和美國的行動卓有成效。
The first was the so-called Saffron Revolution, a US State Department and CIA-backed destabilization in 2007 aimed at putting the international spotlight on the Myanmar military dictatorship’s human rights practices. The aim was to further isolate the strategically located country internationally from all economic relations, aside from China. The background to the US actions was China’s construction of oil and gas pipelines from Kunming in China’s southwest Yunnan Province, across the old Burma Road across Myanmar to the Bay of Be微民網(wǎng)l across from India and Bangladesh
in the northern Indian Ocean.
第一階段即是所謂的木棉花革命，由美國國務院和中央情報局支持的2007年緬甸動亂，旨在將緬甸軍事獨裁的反人權的做法成為國際社會關注的焦點；進一步孤立(處在)戰(zhàn)略位置的國家，切斷其一切國際經(jīng)濟關系，除了中國。美國行動的背景是中國的石油和天然氣管道的建設，從中國西南部的云南省的昆明市，通過老滇緬公路橫跨緬甸到孟加拉灣，繞過印度經(jīng)孟加拉國到達印度洋北部。
Forcing Burma’s military leaders into tighter dependency on China was one of the factors triggering thedecision of the Myanmar military to open up economically to the West. They declared that the tightening ofUS economic sanctions had done the country great harm and President Thein Sein made his major liberalization opening, as wellas allowing US-backed dissident, Aung San Suu Kyi, to be free and to run for elective office with her
party, in return for promises from US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton of US investment in the country and possible easing of US economic sanctions. [14]
逼迫其更緊密地依賴于中國，是緬甸的軍事領導人決定向西方開放的決定因素之一。他們表示美國經(jīng)濟制裁使國家受到了很大的傷害，總統(tǒng)登盛(Thein Sein)實行了他的自由化開放政策，并釋放了受美國支持的持不同政見者昂山素季，讓她和她的黨派參加競選，以換取美國國務卿希拉里•克林頓的承諾------美國在該國的進行投資和放松制裁的可能性[14]。
The US corporations approaching Burma are hand-picked by Washington to introduce the most destructive “free market” reforms that will open Myanmar to instability. The United States will not allow investment in entities owned by Myanmar’s armed forcesor its Ministry of Defense. It also is
able to place sanctions on “those who undermine the reform process,e微民網(wǎng)ge in human rights abuses, contribute to ethnic conflict or participate in military trade with North Korea.” The United States will block businesses or individuals from making transactions with any “specially designated nationals” or businesses that they control — allowing Washington, for example, to stop money from flowing to groups “disrupting the reform process.” It’s the classic “carrot andstick” approach, dangling the carrotof untold riches if Burma opens its economy to US corporations and punishing those who try to resist the takeover of the country’s prize assets. Oil and gas, vital to China, will be a special target of US intervention. American companies and people will be allowed to investin the state-owned Myanma Oil andGas Enterprise.[15]
進入緬甸的美國公司都是華盛頓手把手教出來的 “自由市場”經(jīng)濟破壞能手，將使緬甸更加不穩(wěn)定。美國不會允許他們在緬甸軍隊或其國防部所擁有的實體投資。她也能夠制裁“破壞改革進程，侵犯人權，參加種族沖突或與朝鮮的軍事貿(mào)易”的人或機構(gòu)，美國將阻止企業(yè)或個人與任何“特定國家或企業(yè)”進行貿(mào)易，例如，阻止資金流入“破壞改革進程”的機構(gòu)。這是經(jīng)典的“胡蘿卜和大棒”的做法，如果緬甸向美國公司開放，懲罰那些試圖抵制收購國家資產(chǎn)的人和行為，而美國為緬甸畫了一張大餅。石油和天然氣，對中國至關重要，也是美國的介入的特殊目標。美國的公司和個人將被允許投資于國有的緬甸石油和天然氣企業(yè)。[15]
Obama also created a new power for the government to impose “blocking sanctions” on any individual threatening peace in Myanmar. Businesses with more than $500,000 in investment in the country will need to file an annual
report with the State Department, with details on workers’ rights, land acquisitions and any payments of more than $10,000 to government entities, including Myanmar’s state-owned enterprises.
奧巴馬政府實施的針對所有人的“圍堵制裁”對緬甸的和平造成新的威脅。投資額超過$50萬的企業(yè)將需要向國務院提交書面的年度報告，需詳細列明工人的權利，土地征用和任何向政府單位(包括緬甸的國有企業(yè))支付的超過$10,000的款項。
American companies and people will be allowed to invest in the state-owned Myanma Oil and Gas Enterprise, but any investors will need to notify the State Departmentwithin 60 days.
美國的公司和個人將被允許投資于國有的緬甸石油和天然氣企業(yè)，但所有投資者必須在60天內(nèi)通知國務院。
As well, US “human rights” NGOs, many closely associated with or believed to be associated with US
State Department geopolitical designs, including Freedom House,Human Rights Watch, Institute for Asian Democracy, Open Society Foundations, Physicians for Human Rights, U.S. Campaign for Burma, United to End Genocide— will now be allowed to operate inside Myanmar according to a decision by State Secretary Clinton in April 2012.[16]
同時，美國的“任泉”非政府組織，被認為是與美國國務院的地緣政治設計息息相關，根據(jù)國務卿克林頓在2012年4月決定，包括自由之家(Freedom House)，任泉觀察和亞洲民主研究所，開放社會基金會，醫(yī)生促進任泉協(xié)會，美國緬甸統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線，結(jié)束種族滅絕聯(lián)合會等，現(xiàn)在將可在緬甸境內(nèi)獲準經(jīng)營。[16]
Thailand, another key in China’s defensive String of Pearl Strategy has also been subject of intense destabilization over the past several years. Now with the sister
of a corrupt former Prime Minister inoffice, US-Thai relations have significantly improved.
泰國在中國的‘珍珠鏈’上起重要作用，在過去的幾年也相當?shù)牟环�(wěn)定。現(xiàn)在由腐敗的前總理的妹妹掌權，美泰關系已顯著改善。
After months of bloody clashes, theUS-backed billionaire, Former Thai Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra, managed to buy the way to put hissister, Yingluck Shinawatra in as Prime Minister, with him reportedly pulling the policy strings from abroad. Thaksin himself was enjoying comfortable status in the US as of this writing, in summer 2012.
據(jù)報道，經(jīng)過數(shù)個月的流血沖突后，美國支持的億萬富翁泰國前總理他信•西那瓦，把他的妹妹英拉.西那瓦推為總理。而他信本人此時正在美國享受生活。
US relations with Thaksin’s sister, Yingluck Shinawatra, are moving in
direct fulfillment of the Obama “strategic pivot” to focus on the “China threat.” In June 2012, General Martin E. Dempsey, chairman of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff, after returning from a visit this month to Thailand, the Philippines and Si微民網(wǎng)pore stated: “We want to be out there partnered with nations and have a rotational presence that
It is imperative that no Eurasian challenger emerges, capable of dominating Eurasia and thus of also challenging America. The
formulation of a comprehensive and integrated Eurasian geo-strategy is therefore the purpose of this book. [24]
能夠主宰歐亞大陸的挑戰(zhàn)者的必將出現(xiàn)，從而也將不可避免的挑戰(zhàn)美國。因此，制定一個全面和綜合的歐亞地緣戰(zhàn)略是這本書的目的。(譯者:原文可能錯誤)[24]
For America, the chief geopolitical prize is Eurasia…. America's globalprimacy is directly dependent on how long and how effectively its preponderance on the Eurasian continent is sustained. [25]
對于美國來說，地緣政治的最重要部分是歐亞大陸....美國的全球主導地位能維持多久，與如何能有效地維持其在歐亞大陸的優(yōu)勢是直接相關的。[25]
In that context, how America 'manages' Eurasia is critical. Eurasia is the globe's largest continent and is geopolitically axial.A power that dominates Eurasia
would control two of the world's three most advanced and economically productive regions. A mere glance at the map also suggests that control over Eurasia would almost automatically entail Africa's subordination, rendering the Western Hemisphere and Oceania geopolitically peripheral to the world's central continent. About 75 per cent of the world's people live in Eurasia, and most of the world's physical wealth is there as well, both in its enterprises and underneath its soil. Eurasia accounts for 60 per cent of the world's GNP and about three-fourths of the world's known energyresources. [26]
書中寫道，美國如何“管理”歐亞大陸是至關重要的。歐亞大陸是地球上最大的大陸，是地緣政治上的軸向。支配歐亞大陸的等于控制世界三大最先進，最具生產(chǎn)力的生產(chǎn)地區(qū)中的兩個。在地圖上僅有短暫的一瞥也表明
歐亞大陸的控制權將自動導致非洲的從屬地位，自動使西半球和大洋洲的地緣政治地位歸于次要。約75%的世界人民生活在歐亞大陸，而基本所有的世界的物質(zhì)財富也在那里，無論是企業(yè)和其下方的土壤。歐亞大陸占世界國民生產(chǎn)總值的60%，并占有約四分之三的世界上已知的能源資源。[26]
The Indian Ocean is crowned by what some call an Islamic Arch of countries stretching from East Africa to Indonesia by way of the Persian Gulf countries and Central Asia. The emergence of China and other much smaller Asian powers over the past two decades since the end of the Cold war has challenged US hegemony over the Indian Ocean for the first time sincethe beginning of the Cold War. Especially in the past years as American economic influence has precipitously declined globally and that of China has risen
spectacularly, the Pentagon has begun to rethink its strategic presence in the Indian Ocean. The Obama ‘Asian Pivot’ is centered onasserting decisive Pentagon control over the sea lanes of the Indian Ocean and the waters of the South China Sea.
印度洋被冠以伊斯蘭凱旋門-----橫跨東非到印尼，包括波斯灣和中亞國家。自冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束以來的20年里，中國和其他更小的亞洲大國在印度洋上第一次挑戰(zhàn)美國的霸權。特別是在過去幾年美國經(jīng)濟的影響已急劇下降，中國的上升引人注目的時候，五角大樓已開始重新考慮其在印度洋的戰(zhàn)略存在。奧巴馬的“亞洲重心”為中心的主張決定性五角大樓著手控制印度洋和中國南海海域的海上通道。
The US military base at Okinawa, Japan is being rebuilt as a major center to project US military power towards China. As of 2010 there were over 35,000 US military personnel stationed in Japan and
another 5,500 American civilians employed there by the United States Department of Defense. TheUnited States Seventh Fleet is based in Yokosuka. The 3rd Marine Expeditionary Force in Okinawa. 130 USAF fighters are stationed in the Misawa Air Base and Kadena Air Base.
日本沖繩的美軍基地重建項目是美國應對中國軍事實力的主要中心。截至2010年，共有超過35,000名美國軍事人員駐扎在日本，另外美國國防部雇傭了5500美國平民，包括總部設在橫須賀的美國第七艦隊，第三海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊遠征部隊在沖繩島， 130美國空軍戰(zhàn)斗機駐扎在三澤空軍基地和嘉手納空軍基地。
The Japanese government in 2011began an armament program designed to counter the perceived growing Chinese threat. The Japanese command has urged their leaders to petition the United States to allow the sale of F-22A
Raptor fighter jets, currently illegal under U.S law. South Korean and American military have deepened their strategic alliance and over 45,000 American soldiers are now stationed in South Korea. The South Koreans and Americans claim this is due to the North Korean military’s modernization. China and North Korea denounce itas needlessly provocative.[27]
日本政府于2011年開始其旨在對抗增長的中國威脅的裝備計劃。日本要求他們的領導人請美國允許F-22A猛禽戰(zhàn)斗機的出售，目前根據(jù)美國法律，這是非法的。韓國和美國加深了他們的戰(zhàn)略聯(lián)盟，超過45,000名美國士兵駐扎在韓國。韓國和美國聲稱，這是由于朝鮮軍隊的現(xiàn)代化建設。中國和朝鮮譴責為不必要的挑釁。[27]
Under the cover of the US war on Terrorism, the US has developed major military agreements with the Philippines as well as with
Indonesia’s army.
美國在反恐戰(zhàn)爭的掩護下，美國已經(jīng)與菲律賓和印尼軍隊制訂了重大的軍事協(xié)議。
The military base on Diego Garcia is the lynchpin of US control over the Indian Ocean. In 1971 the US military depopulated the citizens of Diego Garcia to build a major military installation there to carry outmissions against Iraq and Afghanistan.
迪戈加西亞軍事基地是美國控制印度洋的關鍵所在。在1971年，美國減少市民人口，擴建迪戈加西亞了軍事設施，該基地執(zhí)行了對伊拉克和阿富汗的作戰(zhàn)任務。
China has two Achilles heels—the Straits of Hormuz at the mouth of the Persian Gulf and the Strait of Malacca near Si微民網(wǎng)pore. Some 20% of China oil passes through the Straits of Hormuz. And some 80% of Chinese oil imports pass through the Strait of Malacca as
well as major freight trade.
中國有兩個死穴，分別在波斯灣口的霍爾木茲海峽和新加坡附近的馬六甲海峽。大約20%的中國石油需通過霍爾木茲海峽。而約80%的中國石油進口以及主要貨運業(yè)必經(jīng)馬六甲海峽。
To prevent China from emerging successfully as the major economiccompetitor of the United States in the world, Washington launched the so-called Arab Spring in late 2010. While the aspirations of millions of ordinary Arab citizens in Tunisia, Libya, Egypt and elsewhere for freedom and democracy was real, they were in effect used as unwitting cannon fodder to unleash a US strategy of chaos and intra-islamic wars and conflicts across the entire oil-rich Islamic world from Libya in North Africa across to Syria and ultimatelyIran in the Middle East. [28]
為了防止中國成為美國在世界上的主
要經(jīng)濟競爭對手，華盛頓在2010年年底推出了所謂的阿拉伯之春。雖然數(shù)以百萬計的普通(突尼斯，利比亞，埃及和其他地方的阿拉伯)公民的自由和民主的愿望是真實的，但他們事實上僅起到了不知情的炮灰作用，美國的搞亂中東和挑起伊斯蘭內(nèi)部的戰(zhàn)爭和沖突的政策由他們實施，從北非的利比亞到敘利亞，最終到達中東地區(qū)-----石油資源豐富的伊斯蘭世界伊朗。[28]
The US strategy within the Islamic Arch countries straddling the IndianOcean is, as Mohamed Hassan, a strategic analyst put it thus:
美國針對伊斯蘭國家的策略，戰(zhàn)略分析家穆罕默德•哈桑是這樣說的：
The US is…seeking to control these resources to prevent them reaching China. This was a major objective of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, but these have turned into a fiasco. The US destroyed these countries in order to set up governments there which would be
docile, but they have failed. The icing on the cake is that the new Iraqi and Afghan government trade with China! Beijing has therefore not needed to spend billions of dollars on an illegal war in order to get its hands on Iraq’s black gold: Chinese companies simply bought up oil concessions at auction totallywithin the rules.
美國尋求控制這些資源，以防止它們(資源)到達中國。在伊拉克和阿富汗的戰(zhàn)爭中，這是一個重大的目標，但這些都以慘敗收場。美國摧毀了這些國家，再建立溫順的政府，但他們失敗了。錦上添花的是，新的伊拉克和阿富汗政府與中國的貿(mào)易！因此，北京已經(jīng)不需要一場非法的戰(zhàn)爭上花費數(shù)十億美元，以獲得伊拉克黑金：中國公司只是買了石油開采權，拍賣完全在規(guī)則之內(nèi)。
[T]he USA's…strategy has failed allalong the line. There is nevertheless one option still open to the US: maintaining chaos in
order to prevent these countries from attaining stability for the benefit of China. This means continuing the war in Iraq and Afghanistan and extending it to countries such as Iran, Yemen or Somalia.[29]
這一系列美國戰(zhàn)略已經(jīng)失敗。但有一個選項仍然向美國開放：保持混亂，以防止這些國家從中國獲得好處，實現(xiàn)穩(wěn)定。這意味著繼續(xù)在伊拉克和阿富汗的戰(zhàn)爭，并將其擴展到國家，如伊朗，也門或索馬里。[29]
PART V: South China Sea
第五部分：南中國海
The completion of the Pentagon “String of Pearls” hangman’s noosearound China to cut off vital energy and other imports in event of war by2012 was centered around the increased US manipulation of events in the South China Sea. TheMinistry of Geological Resources and Mining of the People's Republic of China estimated that
the South China Sea may contain 18 billion tons of crude oil (compared to Kuwait with 13 billion tons). The most optimistic estimate suggested that potential oil resources (not proved reserves) of the Spratly and Paracel Islands in the South China Sea could be as high as 105 billion barrels of oil, and that the total for the South China Sea could be as high as 213billion barrels. [30]
在南中國海，美國操縱的旨在切斷中國的能源命脈的沖突，以完成圍堵中國的‘珍珠鏈’絞索，這些事件越來越多。據(jù)中華人民共和國財政部估計，中國南�？赡馨�180億噸原油(科威特130億噸)。最樂觀的估計認為，在中國南海的南沙群島和西沙群島的潛在的石油資源(并不是探明儲量)可能高達1050億桶石油，而中國南海總量可能高達2130億桶。[30]
The presence of such vast energy reserves has not surprisingly
become a major energy security issue for China. Washington has made a calculated intervention in the past several years to sabotage those Chinese interests, using especially Vietnam as a wedge against Chinese oil exploration there. In July 2012 the National Assembly of Vietnam passed a law demarcating Vietnamese sea borders to include the Spratly and Paracel islands. US influence in Vietnam since the country opened to economic liberalization has become decisive.
如此巨大的能源儲備的存在，南中國海成為中國主要的能源安全問題并不奇怪。在過去的幾年里，華盛頓已經(jīng)做了一個計畫來干預、破壞這些中國的利益，特別是利用越南作為棋子在中國南海進行石油勘探。 2012年7月，越南國民議會通過了一項法律，越南的海上邊界包括南沙群島和西沙群島。美國在該國開放經(jīng)濟實行自由化后具有決定性的影響力。
In 2011 the US military began cooperation with Vietnam, includingjoint “peaceful” military exercises. Washington has backed both The Philippines and Vietnam in their territorial claims over Chinese-claimed territories in the South China Sea, emboldening those small countries not to seek a diplomatic resolution.[31]
2011年的美國軍方開始與越南的合作，包括聯(lián)合“和平”的軍事演習。華盛頓一直支持菲律賓和越南在在中國南海的作領土要求，為那些小國壯膽，而不是鼓勵他們尋求通過外交手段解決爭端。
In 2010 US and UK oil majors entered the bidding for exploration in the South China Sea. The bid by Chevron and BP added to the presence of US-based Anadarko Petroleum Corporation in the region. That move is essential to give Washington the pretext to “defend us oil interests” in the area.
[32]
2010年，美國和英國的石油巨頭進入中國南海的勘探招標。由總部設在美國的阿納達科石油公司作為雪佛龍和BP在該地區(qū)的代言人存在。這一舉動是華盛頓的“捍衛(wèi)我們在該地區(qū)的石油利益”政策的借口是必不可少的。[32]
In April 2012, the Philippine warshipGregorio del Pilar was involved in astandoff with two Chinese surveillance vessels in the Scarborough Shoal, an area claimed by both nations. The Philippine navy had been trying to arrest Chinese fishermen who wereallegedly taking government-protected marine species from the area, but the surveillance boats prevented them. On April 14, 2012, U.S. and the Philippines held their yearly exercises in Palawan, Philippines. On May 7, 2012, Chinese Vice Foreign Minister Fu Ying called a meeting with Alex
Chua, Charge D'affaires of the Philippine Embassy in China, to make a serious representation overthe incident at the Scarborough Shoal.
在2012年4月，菲律賓軍艦格雷戈里奧皮拉爾號參與了與中國監(jiān)測船在黃巖島(原文斯卡伯勒礁)，兩方都聲稱這是自家領土。菲律賓海軍一直在試圖逮捕中國漁民，據(jù)稱該地區(qū)政府是為了保護海洋物種，但海監(jiān)船阻止了他們。 2012年4月14日，美國與菲律賓在菲律賓巴拉望島舉行了年度演習。 2012年5月7日，中國外交部副部長傅瑩傳喚菲律賓駐中國大使館臨時代辦亞歷克斯。蔡與會，對事件作出嚴正交涉。
From South Korea to Philippines to Vietnam, the Pentagon and US State Department is fanning the clash over rights to the South ChinaSea to stealthily insert US military presence there to “defend” Vietnamese, Japanese, Korean or Philippine interests. The military
hangman’s noose around China is being slowly drawn tighter.
從韓國、菲律賓到越南，五角大樓和美國國務院正在中國南海極力煽動，偷偷地利用美國的軍事存在“保衛(wèi)”越南，日本，韓國和菲律賓的利益。劊子手的絞索中國的正在慢慢地收緊。
While China’s access to vast resources of offshore conventional oil and gas were being restricted, Washington was actively trying to lure China into massive pursuit of exploitation of shale gas inside China. The reasons had nothing to do with US goodwill towards China.It was in fact another major weaponin the destruction of China, now through a form of environmental warfare.
當中國在大量獲得傳統(tǒng)的海上石油和天然氣資源上受到限制時，美國又極力忽悠中國在境內(nèi)大規(guī)模開采頁巖氣。這與美國的商譽沒有任何關系，事實上，這是推倒中國的另一個主要武器，通過某種形式的環(huán)境戰(zhàn)來達到
摧毀中國的目的。8L來總結(jié)一下現(xiàn)在的國際外交中
真有那種欲殺之而后快的敵對關系么
不都是互相扶持互相影響互相坑人的么……有一定道理太長求個總結(jié)。我拖到底，居然沒發(fā)現(xiàn)網(wǎng)友評論和翻譯，這東西誰看總結(jié)：so what？居安思危~作為8樓，忽然了給予我這么大的責任，我表示真的壓力很大，但是我是個實在人，我必須說實話，這篇文章真是太尼瑪長了。。。
地球總有一天要爆炸，大家都死定了這文章哪里奇文了。站在美國的立場上，這文章寫的不是很正確嘛？
美國佬的確是這么想的，很多時候也是這么做的。
太尼瑪長了。。。
摔！8樓你就是這樣總結(jié)的啊？
太尼瑪長了。。。
。。。敷衍了事，打回去重新總結(jié)麻煩復制龍騰火星貼的時候把評論和鏈接帶上。打一架就知道了，不用親自上，打場代理人戰(zhàn)爭就知道誰牛了。太長了。。從英文里面找中文太難受了！大國之間，現(xiàn)在都是經(jīng)濟領域的較量
各自在各自的地區(qū)，畫地盤。
在外人看來，紅臉，白臉的，背后都要默契和約定and交易去他的盎格魯，看到這個盎格魯就想起了大小姐，想起大小姐就聯(lián)想到黑糖君，想到黑糖君就不能不提小雅，想到小雅.....我瞬間就濕了。這只能代表美國國內(nèi)一部分人或者說軍方相關集團的觀點，那些在中美貿(mào)易中大撈特撈的資本家就不一定這么想了，美國可是資本家指揮槍。
中美問題和以前冷戰(zhàn)時期的美蘇爭霸完全一樣，兩個基友已經(jīng)攪在一起了，殺敵一千自損可能還不止一千。